Registering
| Encyclopedia of Terminology for CA and IL: Registering | |
|---|---|
| Author(s): | Danielle Pillet-Shore (University of New Hampshire, USA) (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-4082) |
| To cite: | Pillet-Shore, Danielle. (2023). Registering. In Alexandra Gubina, Elliott M. Hoey & Chase Wesley Raymond (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Terminology for Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics. International Society for Conversation Analysis (ISCA). DOI: |
Registering refers to the linguistic and embodied action of calling joint attention to a selected, publicly and concurrently perceivable referent so others shift their attention to it. As a sequence-initial/initiating action, registering projects the relevance of coparticipants’:
(i) displayed sensorial attention to, and shared awareness of, the target referent—including visible, audible, palpable, and olfactible features of the setting and its participants (Pillet-Shore, 2021; Schegloff, 2007:74, 82–88, 219); and
(ii) display of achieved “intersubjectivity” (Heritage, 1984:254–256; Scheff, 2005) by sharing their understandings of the local meaning and value of the target referent (Pillet-Shore, 2021:33).
Because the action of registering treats the target referent as its source, it can launch a “retro-sequence” (Schegloff, 2007:217-19). Registering is a pervasive social action that participants to interaction use to introduce a new topic/sequence of interaction, including during conversation openings (Pillet-Shore, 2008, 2018, 2021) and at a places of possible sequence completion (e.g., to resolve a lapse in conversation; Hoey, 2018).
Interaction studies use various terms to refer to this social action, including not only “registering” (e.g., Hoey, 2018; Pillet-Shore, 2008, 2017, 2018, 2021; Schegloff, 2007:87), but also “noticing” (e.g., Goodwin & Goodwin, 2012; Sacks, 1992 II:87-97; Schegloff, 1988:119-131, 2007), “announcing” (Schegloff, 2007:86-87; Stivers & Rossano, 2010:9), “setting talk” (Maynard & Zimmerman, 1984:304), “comments on the physical surroundings” (Keevallik, 2018), and “local sensitivity to elements in participants’ field of perception” (Bergmann, 1990:207). Observing that earlier studies’ use of various terms poses a problem for scientific consistency, Pillet-Shore (2021) argues that the term registering offers several advantages:
- it names an action-in-conversation that is intrinsically social (cf. to “noticing,” which names both a perceptual/cognitive event, and a social/interactional event; Schegloff, 2007:87);
- it embraces multimodal action designs and various referent types (cf. to “setting talk” [Maynard & Zimmerman, 1984], which focuses only on lexicalized utterances indexing inanimate, unowned referents); and
- it is comparatively parsimonious, naming the basic, underlying social action for what it is apparently designed to do, rather than varying the action name depending upon what the referent is, or which participant does it. Compare to Schegloff’s (2007:82) use of several terms, including “registering,” “noticing,” and “announcing”: “In achieving the official and explicit registering of some feature… affiliated to or identified with one of the participants—and ‘positively valued’ features in particular—there appears to be a preference for noticing-by-others over announcement-by-‘self’ (where ‘self’ is the one characterized by the feature).” Pillet-Shore (2021) conceptualizes registering as encompassing earlier CA works’ notions of both “noticing” and “announcing” a here-and-now referent, showing it to be a useful analytic term, including when participants call joint attention to a target referent in a way that resists neat and defensible categorization as either “noticing” or “announcing,” as in Excerpt (1) at line 3:
During Mike’s utterance at line 2 (at *; see Fig.1b), Ann does a sudden gaze shift up toward the arriving newcomer Haley—an apparent initial sighting that directly precedes and engenders line 3. Applying an earlier study (e.g., Goodwin & Goodwin, 2012:276-277), it is plausible that Ann is “noticing” Haley’s arrival because she uses a deictic term, appears to have just spotted a newly visible referent, and audibly uses discovery prosody (cf. Goodwin, 1979). At the same time, it is also plausible that Ann is “announcing” Haley’s arrival, since it is a declarative utterance produced by a speaker displaying a knowing epistemic stance (she does not display an unknowing-to-now-knowing epistemic stance via turn-initial reaction token; Heritage 1984:286–7), and Ann uses a third-person reference form to refer to the arriver, thereby addressing her utterance to already-present and situated others as an intended informing. As a way past this terminological ambiguity, Pillet-Shore (2021:15-16) observes that Ann’s utterance and sudden gaze shift accomplish the more basic underlying social action of “registering”—calling joint attention to, and occasioning her coparticipants to shift their gaze/attention and shared awareness to—Ann’s selected, publicly perceivable target referent (Fig.1c).
Participants to interaction use various multimodal (visible and/or audible) resources and design formats to do sequence-initial registering actions (Pillet-Shore, 2021:18). These include embodied actions (e.g., sudden gaze shifts, such as doing a double-take while gazing at the target referent with a stance-displaying facial expression as in Excerpt (3)-Figures 3a and 3b; or directed gaze + laughter/object showing), and spoken utterances that audibly point (Pillet-Shore, 2021:11-12) to a selected target referent (e.g., using deictic terms and perceptual directives [Goodwin & Goodwin, 2012:275-279]). Registering utterances may be produced as positive or negative observations (cf. Schegloff, 1988), with declarative or interrogative grammar, and with or without evidential verbs (Chafe & Nichols, 1986), reaction tokens (cf. Wilkinson & Kitzinger, 2006), and/or an explicated stance toward the target referent.
As one way of making reference in interaction (cf. Enfield, 2013), registering involves selecting a target referent from among a vast number of perceivable stimuli. People can register referents that are either owned (oriented to as some participant’s responsibility; e.g., how a person looks/smells; how a person’s residence looks/smells; Pillet-Shore, 2021; cf. Schegloff, 2007:82), or unowned (not oriented to as a participant’s responsibility; e.g., the weather; for review, see Keevallik, 2018). The bolded utterances in Excerpts (2), (3) and (4) show participants registering an owned referent by calling joint attention to a participant’s new hairstyle:
(2) [Thanksgiving2001 (Pillet-Shore, 2021:22)] 01 Bet: -> It’s good to see- Yer ha:ir is so° short.=I lo↑ve it.= 02 Jay: =Yeah?
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